visual paradigm use case diagram tutorial

For instance, studies that have used performance-based tasks (e.g., Wisconsin Card Sorting Task) to assess cognitive flexibility were more discordant about the presence of difficulties in autism than studies that used parental questionnaire-based assessments (e.g., Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function see Landry & Al-Taie, 2016 for a meta-analysis).

Decades of research have provided compelling evidence that autism is characterized by difficulties in cognitive flexibility (Fujino et al., 2019 Peristeri et al., 2020, 2021), but the nature and magnitude of these difficulties is unclear, due to assessments that may not accurately represent the potential of young autistic children (Kapp et al., 2013), as well as the varied ability levels of participants, complexity of tasks, and stimulus domains used (Landry & Al-Taie, 2016 Memari et al., 2013). Although cognitive flexibility is an “umbrella” term that incorporates a set of executive function skills, shifting has been treated as being synonymous with this cognitive skill, since both involve the ability to switch flexibly between mental states and take multiple simultaneous perspectives in response to the changing context (Vandierendonck et al., 2010). On the other hand, verbal fluency performance seemed to be driven by language features specific to the semantic and the phonemic fluency tasks rather than by difficulties in cognitive flexibility.Ĭognitive flexibility is a common aspect of executive functions and refers to the ability to adapt cognitive behavior in response to changing concepts, tasks or types of information (Ionescu, 2012). The overall findings showed poor performance for the autistic children in the CCTT. The current study aims to determine whether the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT) and verbal (semantic and phonemic) fluency tasks are appropriate to assess cognitive flexibility in young autistic children. The findings suggest that cognitive flexibility for the autistic children was affected in the nonverbal CCTT only, while poor performance in semantic and phonemic fluency seemed to be inherent to the language properties of the verbal fluency tasks. In the fluency tests, the autistic group generated overall fewer word items than their neurotypical peers, however, their poorer performance was driven by specific linguistic stimuli in the fluency tasks. The results showed that the autistic children performed worse than their neurotypical peers in the switching component of the CCTT. Thirty-six autistic children (72–83 months) and 200 age-matched typically-developing children were assessed on the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT), a semantic and a phonemic verbal fluency task. We examined the cognitive flexibility performance of young autistic children and a group of neurotypical peers.

Visual paradigm use case diagram tutorial